ROMA TRAVERTINE , clear acrylic sheets
COM One group
Type
Public
Founded
1987
Headquarters
Cestas, Gironde, France
Key people
Jacques Saubade, Pres.
Industry
Computer Networks
Products
Network hardware
Employees
100
Website
www.com-one.biz
COM One group (Listed in the Paris and Stuttgart stock exchanges from 1992 to 2005) was a manufacturer best known for its computer network adapters. The company was co-founded in 1987 by Jacques Saubade and Michel Petit and was headquartered in France. The name comes from the company’s focus on modems (serial COM port was named COM1).
History
1987 The company started building analog PSTN modems.
1990 company produces PCMCIA modems.
mid 1990: the company focus on multi function PCMCIA adapters (PSTN+GSM, then 3in1 PSTN+GSM+ISDN, then 4in1 PSTN+GSM+ISDN+Ethernet).
2000 group activities:
Mobile computing (high-speed telecom devices for wire & wireless: PSTN, ISDN, LAN, GSM, GPRS, ADSL).
Industrial modules
Video Security
Internet appliances (non-PC internet terminals)
Most of the mobile products were sold as OEM provider for other companies (Toshiba France and Spain, Sony ITE Europe, IBM, Apple Europe, RFI Germany, Anycom, …)
2001: some employees of the industrial modules department leave to create Telecom Design.
2003: Video security department sold to the company Atral.
2005: COM One group closed. The brand was bought by Baracoda company to focus it on Bluetooth end user products.
2007: Com One launched the liveradio and the Phoenix Wi-Fi radio, both Wireless IP radio devices.
Products
Modems PSTN (Serial, USB, PCMCIA).
ISDNs adapters (Serial, USB, PCMCIA).
Local area network interface cards (PCMCIA).
Video security (Viewcom products, ie. Viewsurf).
Wireless access points, adapters, and connectivity products
Internet access terminals (ATmax, Neomax).
Bluetooths adapters (USB, PCMCIA).
Bluetooths gateways (PSTN modems, ISDN).
External links
2002 COM One’s archived web site.
2005 Mirror web site.
2006 Official homepage. French only.
Phoenix Wi-Fi radio’s configuration portal..
Orange liveradio’s website..
Categories: Computer hardware companies
Hidden categories: Orphaned articles from November 2007 | All orphaned articles
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“Flexo” redirects here. For the robot character in Futurama, see List of recurring robot characters from Futurama.
A flexographic printing plate.
Part of the series on theHistory of printing
Woodblock printing
200
Movable type
1040
Intaglio
1430s
Printing press
1454
Lithography
1796
Chromolithography
1837
Rotary press
1843
Flexography
1873
Mimeograph
1876
Hot metal typesetting
1886
Offset press
1903
Screen-printing
1907
Dye-sublimation
1957
Phototypesetting
1960s
Photocopier
1960s
Pad printing
1960s
Laser printer
1969
Dot matrix printer
1970
Thermal printer
Inkjet printer
1976
3D printing
1986
Stereolithography
1986
Digital press
1993
v?d?e
Flexography (often abbreviated to flexo) is a form of printing process which utilizes a flexible relief plate. It is basically an updated version of letterpress that can be used for printing on almost any type of substrate including plastic, metallic films, cellophane, and paper. That’s why it’s widely used for printing on the non-porous substrates required for various types of food packaging (it is also well suited for printing large areas of solid color).
Contents
1 History
1.1 Evolution
2 Process Overview
2.1 Flexographic printing inks
3 Applications
4 Education
4.1 References
4.1.1 Footnotes
4.1.2 Notations
4.2 External Links
//
History
The process of flexography was then dubbed niline printing, named for the aniline oil used in the ink, that would be jetted out by the use of Anliox roll. In 1890, the first patented press was built in England by Bibby, Baron and Sons. The water-based ink smeared easily, leading the device to be known as ibby Folly. In the early 1900, other European presses were developed using rubber printing plates. But by the 1920s, most presses were made in Germany, where the process was called ummidruck.
During the early part of the 20th century, the technique was used extensively in food packaging in the United States. However, in the 1940, the Food and Drug Administration classified aniline dyes as unsuitable for food packaging. Printing sales plummeted. Individual firms tried using new names for the process, such as ustro Printing and ransglo Printing, but met with limited success. Even after the government approved the aniline process, sales continued to decline. Intent on re-popularizing aniline printing by changing its name, Franklin Moss, president of Mosstype Corporation, surveyed the industry in 1951 and received over 200 different name suggestions. In October 1952, the new name was announced; lexography.1]
Evolution
Originally flexographic printing was basic in quality. Labels requiring high quality have generally been printed using the offset process until recently. In the last few years great advances have been made to the quality of flexographic printing presses.
The greatest advances in flexographic printing have been in the area of photopolymer printing plates, including improvements to the plate material and the method of plate creation.
Digital direct to plate systems have dominated the industry recently with their better resolution and the ability to print four color process (or more) as well as offset. Companies like Dupont, MacDermid, Kodak and Esko have pioneered the latest technologies with advances in FAST washout and the latest screening technology, even companies who make plates in house are going to trade shops to get these high quality plates.
Laser-etched anilox rolls also play a part in the improvement of print quality. Full color picture printing is now possible, and some of the finer presses available today, in combination with a skilled operator, allow quality that rivals the lithographic process. One ongoing improvement has been the increasing ability to reproduce highlight tonal values, thereby providing a workaround for the very high dot gain associated with flexographic printing.
Process Overview
1. PlatemakingThe first method of plate development uses light-sensitive polymer. A film negative is placed over the plate, which is exposed to ultra-violet light. The polymer hardens where light passes through the film. The remaining polymer has the consistency of chewed gum. It is washed away in a tank of either water or solvent. Brushes scrub the plate to facilitate the “washout” process. The process can differ depending on whether solid sheets of photopolymer or liquid photopolymer are used, but the principle is still the same. The second method used a computer-guided laser to etche the image onto the printing plate. Such a direct laser engraving process is called digital platemaking. The third method is to go through a molding process. The first step is to create a metal plate out of the negative of our initial image through an exposition process (followed by an acid bath). This metal plate in relief is then used in the second step to create the mold that could be in bakelite board or even glass or plastic, through a first molding process. Once cooled, this master mold will press the rubber or plastic compound (under both controlled temperature and pressure) through a second molding process to come up with the printing plate.
2. PrintingA flexographic print is made by creating a positive mirrored master of the required image as a 3D relief in a rubber or polymer material. Flexographic plates can be created with analog and digital platemaking processes. The image areas are raised above the non image areas on the rubber or polymer plate. The ink is transferred from the ink roll which is partially immerged in the ink tank. Then it transfers to the anilox roll (or meter roll) whose texture holds a specific amount of ink since it’s covered with thousands of small wells or cups that enable it to meter ink to the printing plate in a uniform thickness evenly and quickly (the number of cells per linear inch can vary according to the type of print job and the quality required). To avoid getting a final product with a smudgy or lumpy look it must be ensured that the amount of ink on the printing plate is not excessive. This is achived by using a scraper, called a doctor blade. The doctor blade removes excess ink from anilox roller before inking the printing plate. The substrate is finally sandwiched between the plate and the impression cylinder to transfer the image.
Flexographic printing inks
The nature and demands of the printing process and the application of the printed product determine the fundamental properties required of flexographic inks. Measuring the physical properties of inks and understanding how these are affected by the choice of ingredients is a large part of ink technology. Formulation of inks requires a detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials composing the inks, and how these ingredients affect or react with each other as well as with the environment. Flexographic printing inks are primarily formulated to remain compatible with the wide variety of substrates used in the process. Each formulation component individually fulfils a special function and the proportion and composition will vary according to the substrate.
There are four types of inks that can be used in flexography: Solvent-based Inks, Water-based Inks, EB (Electron Beam) curing inks and UV(ultraviolet) Curing Inks.
Applications
Flexo has an advantage over lithography in that it can use a wider range of inks, water based rather than oil based inks, and is good at printing on a variety of different materials like plastic, foil, acetate film, brown paper, and…
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Nokia network monitor or Monitor Mode is a hidden mode on most Nokia cell phones used to measure network parameters. Additionally there are measurements for phone and battery temperature and other phone specific measurements and tests. The mode can only be activated over a special FBus, or MBUS cable; or in some cases over infrared. Free software exists on the internet that allows one to activate this mode.
The first step is to select a Nokia Phone like Nokia 3310 that has network monitor then activate the monitor. To activate, download software such as Gnokii, logomanager, or N-Monitor by Anderas Schmidt and connect the mobile with a FBus cable. In Nokia phones you just activate the monitor and not upload it to the phone, as it is already present.
External links
“The Nokia Network Monitor” by Nuukiaworld, a good starting point
Download N-Monitor by Anderas Schmidt
Description by Logomanager
FAQ
Categories: Nokia | Mobile software | Wireless stubs
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(Redirected from Choro Q 64)
Penny Racers
Developer(s)
Takara
Publisher(s)
THQJP Takara
Series
Choro Q series
Platform(s)
Nintendo 64
Release date(s)
JP July 17, 1998NA February 10, 1999PAL February 19, 1999
Genre(s)
Racing
Mode(s)
Single player, multiplayer
Rating(s)
ESRB: Everyone
Penny Racers is a racing game for the Nintendo 64 it was released in 1998. The game is part of the Japanese racing game series Choro Q and is known by the name Choro Q 64 in Japan. (Japanese title: ????64). The game had a Nintendo 64 sequel released only in Japan, Choro Q 64 2: Hachamecha Grand Prix Race. It is a customizable racer game, it has a total of 114 Parts, arranged in eight categories. To save your car and unlocked parts you will need a Controller Pak.Car Body types 14Engine types 25Tire variations 12Brake types 9Suspension styles 10Armor types 8Extra Parts 21Special weapon items 15
Contents
1 Game Play
2 Modes
3 Promotions and Criticisms
4 References
//
Game Play
Of all the collectible parts in the game 8 of them the player has when starting, 12 of them are Special Upgrade items that are unlocked when the player meets a required accomplishment in A Class of the ‘Race Series’ Mode. There are four Class type of race, Class C, Class B, Class A, and Class AA. “You start the game in Class C. You can move up to the next Class when you come in 3rd Place or better on all courses.” After beating all 9 tracks the next Class is unlocked, the tracks remain the same but the items the player can use become greater and the difficulty of beating the other racers becomes harder. Each Class, allows only certain parts to be used on its tracks by giving each part its own point values, allowing only so many points to be used in that Class. The player acquires more parts by winning a track, they are then rewarded with the option of taking opponents car parts, or trading with them. The weapons can be used to knock out opponents, as well as for an extra boost of speed as with the Turbo Boost. Two other special techniques to use while driving are the barrel roll, and Popping a wheelie. The Nine tracks are as follows.Country ArenaLakesideHarborMountainRuinsVolcanoAlpineCavesIce
Modes
‘Race Series’ is the standard one or two player race mode where the goal is to beat all the tracks in each Class.’Time Trail’ allows the player to race any of the tracks, and save it as a ‘Ghost Racer’ and then load the Ghost to try and beat their own best times.’VS’ Versus mode, allows up to four players to compete against each other on any of the 9 tracks, or 1 or two players on the ‘New Track’ user designed courses.’New Track’ allows the player to create their own track on a 24 by 24 grid, with 200 track pieces, On or Off Road, and Circuit or Stage (point to point) courses. These tracks can only be played in Versus or Time Trial modes.
Promotions and Criticisms
The original release of this game was in 1998 in Japan as Choro Q 64, it was packaged with a mini toy car, a strategy guide book was also available for this game.
In the USA an issue of Nintendo Power ran a “Design A Penny Racer” contest which was located on the end of the article about the game. In this same issue it is reviewed as “The menu screens are difficult to understand and navigate.
In an IGN review simply says “…the game starts off much too slowly and many of the courses are boring and simplistic when compared to those found in Diddy or Mario Kart. The game picks up once you have upgraded your engine and acquired weapons, but it never quite gains enough momentum to stand up there with Rare’s and Nintendo’s racers.”
The Special Upgrade items in the game where difficult to find and no guide was released in English, allowing the players to become annoyed with it, having 12 parts that they couldn’t locate or find any clue as to how to get them, the games instructions doesn’t mention these items, and in Nintendo Power, it simple says “If you see “Special” next to a car on the Swap or Take screen, it has a Special Upgrade. Pick that car and nab the item that is flashing!”. Some Special Upgrades where as simple as coming in first on a track, and others where linked to a certain time to beat on a track, while others required the player to do a certain thing without resting or turning the power off. For example Racer 14 is only unlockable by beating all 9 tracks in Class A using ‘Racer 11′ without resting or turning the power off. Other conditions include equipping the car with two specific items and finishing a race in third place or better, while another requires a lap time with .99 as its seconds. When the sequel Choro Q 64 2: Hachamecha Grand Prix Race was released in Japan, the hidden items where replaced as prize items that the player could pick from and these few items couldn’t be taken from the opponents.
References
^ Games instructions.
^ See ‘Choro Q 64′ box art image below.
^ Nintendo Power Volume 117, Page 56.
^ Nintendo Power Volume 117, Page 118.
^ http://ign64.ign.com/articles/152/152325p1.html IGN review.
^ Nintendo Power Volume 117, Page 53.
Categories: 1998 video games | Nintendo 64 games
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(Redirected from Volkswagen Eurovan)
“Eurovan” redirects here. For the large MPV codeveloped by PSA and Fiat, see Eurovan (PSA/Fiat joint venture).
Volkswagen Transporter (T4)
Manufacturer
Volkswagen
Also called
Volkswagen Eurovan
Production
1991-2003
Assembly
Hannover, Germany
Predecessor
Volkswagen Vanagon
Successor
Volkswagen Transporter (T5)Volkswagen Routan (United States & Canada)
Class
Minivan
Body style(s)
4-door minivan3-door minivan
Layout
Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Platform
Volkswagen Group T platform
Engine(s)
1.8L I42.0L I42.5L I52.8L VR61.9L I4 Diesel1.9L I4 Turbodiesel2.4L I5 Diesel2.5L I5 TDI
Transmission(s)
4-speed automatic5-speed manual
Wheelbase
115.0in (2921mm)
Length
1991-97: 186.6in (4740mm)1998-2003: 188.5in (4788mm)
Width
72.4in (1839mm)
Height
1991-97: 75.6in (1920mm)1991-93 CV: 74.8in (1900mm)1994-97 CV: 77.6in (1971mm)1999-2003: 76.4in (1941mm)
The Volkswagen Transporter (known in North America as the Volkswagen Eurovan) was the first front-engined van produced by German automaker Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles and is the successor of the Volkswagen Type 2 van. It is built on the Volkswagen Group T platform.
Contents
1 History
2 T4 (19902003)
2.1 T4 in US
2.2 Engines
2.2.1 Petrol engines
2.2.2 Diesel engines
2.2.2.1 Indirect injection
2.2.2.2 Turbocharged Direct Injection
3 T5 (2003-present)
4 See also
//
History
As early as the late 1970s, Volkswagen began to think about replacing their rear-engined Type 2 vans with a more modern, front-engined, water-cooled design, as they had very successfully done with their passenger cars earlier in that decade. The reason why in 1980 they still introduced the new rear-engined T3/Vanagon instead is unclear; the front-engined van was delayed until 1990.
T4 (19902003)
Early 1990s Multivan Allstar
Late 1990s Transporter Highroof Half-Panel long wheelbase
1998-2003 Volkswagen Eurovan (US)
The T4, released in 1990, was the first Transporter without a rear engine. This front-wheel drive model was available in two wheelbases, and being front-engined allowed a far greater diversity for special bodies – from wreckers to three-axled minibuses to large box-bodied ambulances, almost everything was possible. Transversely mounted engines with four, five and six cylinders, and especially the very popular TDI diesel engines with direct injection, brought the Transporter’s performance back to state of the art, which couldn’t really be said about either the T2 or T3.
Enthusiasts naturally bemoaned the death of the classic Type 2, but rationally it really was inevitable. The market proves it: the T4 was a tremendous success, and the introduction of its successor was delayed time and again due to unabated demand. After no less than 14 years, the T4 ceased production in 2003 (making it second only to the T1 for length of production in its home market), but it is rumoured to be resurrected for the Chinese market.
There was one major model change to the T4, in 1994, when the re-shaped front end was introduced. This was needed to fit the six-cylinder VR6 engine into the Transporter’s engine bay. The commercial variants, however, which were not available with the VR6, retained the old look (although they were changed as well, they just still looked almost the same). Keeping with the Type 2′s tradition, these two versions are called T4a and T4b respectively by enthusiasts.
The engine range has become rather too large to elaborate here. T4a were available with four- and five-cylinder engines, both petrol and diesel; the T4b saw not only the VR6, but also the five-cylinder TDI engines that since have replaced the traditional normally aspirated diesels.
T4 in US
The Eurovan, as the T4 generation was exported to North America from 1993 until 2003 (in the United States, the Eurovan was only sold in 1993, and again in 1999-2003, whereas it was not sold in Canada for 1997-98) only as a passenger version, except for those that were shipped to Winnebago Industries for conversion to either Campers, which were shipped to and sold by U.S. VW dealers, or to Rialtas, where were sold by Winnebago dealers directly. Smaller than a standard American delivery van, but larger than an American or Japanese passenger minivan, VW played up its size with the slogan, “EuroVan: There’s nothing mini about it.”
In the U.S., the models were:
the seven-seat Eurovan CL,GL, and GLS
the Eurovan MV, in which the second row of seats face the rear and are removable, the third row converts into a bed, a folding table in the passenger area, window curtains, and a fluorescent lamp above table.
the Eurovan MV Weekender, an MV plus a Westfalia conversion that adds a pop-top roof, a second overhead bed, bug screens for side windows and rear hatch, utility battery, and standard refrigerator.
the Eurovan Camper, which is the long wheelbase commercial van converted by Winnebago Industries to include a pop-top roof, two two-person beds, seating for four (plus optional single or two-person center seats), a one cubic foot refrigerator that runs on propane, DC, or AC, a propane furnace, a closet, cabinets, sink with cold water and a gray water tank, a two-burner propane stove, two two-person dinette tables, coach battery, house lighting, and the two front bucket seats made to swivel around to face the dinette/kitchen area.
Engines
Petrol engines
Model
Engine code
Engine type
Displacement
Max output
Max torque
Years
1.8
PD
Straight-4 SOHC 8V
1.781 cm3
67PS (66hp/49kW) at 4000 rpm
140N (103lbt) at 2200 rpm
1990-1992
2.0
AAC
Straight-4 SOHC 8V
1.968 cm3
84PS (83hp/62kW) at 4300 rpm
159N (117lbt) at 2200 rpm
1990-2003
2.5
AAF; ACU
Straight-5 SOHC 10V
2.461 cm3
110PS (108hp/81kW) at 4500 rpm
190N (140lbt) at 2200 rpm
1990-1997
2.5
AET; APL; AVT
Straight-5 SOHC 10V
2.461 cm3
115PS (113hp/85kW) at 4500 rpm
200N (148lbt) at 2200 rpm
1997-2003
2.8 VR6
AES
VR6 SOHC 12V
2.792 cm3
140PS (138hp/103kW) at 4500 rpm
240N (177lbt) at 3000 rpm
1996-2000
2.8 VR6
AMV, AXK
VR6 DOHC 24V
2.792 cm3
204PS (201hp/150kW) at 6200 rpm
245N (181lbt) at 2500 rpm
2000-2003
Diesel engines
Indirect injection
Model
Engine code
Engine type
Displacement
Max output
Max torque
Years
1.9 D
1X
Straight-4 SOHC 8V
1.896 cm3
61PS (60hp/45kW) at 3700 rpm
127N (94lbt) at 1700 rpm
1990-1995
1.9 TD
ABL
Straight-4 SOHC 8V
1.896 cm3
68PS (67hp/50kW) at 3700 rpm
140N (103lbt) at 2000 rpm
1993-2003
2.4 D
AJA
Straight-5 SOHC 10V
2.370 cm3
75PS (74hp/55kW) at 3700 rpm
160N (118lbt) at 1900 rpm
1997-2003
2.4 D
AAB
Straight-5 SOHC 10V
2.370 cm3
78PS (77hp/57kW) at 3700 rpm
164N (121lbt) at 1800 rpm
1990-1998
Turbocharged Direct Injection
Model
Engine code
Engine type
Displacement
Max output
Max torque
Years
2.5 TDI
AJT; AYY
Straight-5 SOHC 10V
2.461 cm3
88PS (87hp/65kW) at 4500 rpm
195N (144lbt) at 2000 rpm
1998-2003
2.5 TDI
ACV; AUF; AYC; AXL
Straight-5 SOHC 10V
2.461 cm3
102PS (101hp/75kW) at 3500 rpm
250N…
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Spring-loaded piston rings.
A pair of piston rings mounted on a 47mm two-stroke cycle scooter piston.
A piston ring is an open-ended ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in a reciprocating engine such as an internal combustion engine or steam engine.
The three main functions of piston rings in reciprocating engines are:
Sealing the combustion/expansion chamber.
Supporting heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.
Regulating engine oil consumption.
The gap in the piston ring compresses to a few thousandths of an inch when inside the cylinder bore.
Contents
1 Automotive
2 Wear due to piston side-load
3 Fitting new piston rings
4 External links
//
Automotive
Most automotive pistons have three rings: The top two while also controlling oil are primarily for compression sealing (compression rings); the lower ring is for controlling the supply of oil to the liner which lubricates the piston skirt and the compression rings (oil control rings). Typical compression ring designs will have an essentially rectangular cross section or a keystone cross section. The periphery will then have either a barrel profile (top compression rings) or a taper napier form (second compression rings). There are some taper faced top rings and on some old engines simple plain faced rings were used.
Oil control rings typically are of three types. Single piece cast iron, helical spring backed cast iron or steel, multipiece steel. The spring backed oil rings and the cast iron oil rings have essentially the same range of peripheral forms which consist of two scraping lands of various detailed form. The multipiece oil control rings usually consist of two rails or segments (these are thin steel rings) with a spacer expander spring which keeps the two rails apart and provides the radial load.
Wear due to piston side-load
Piston rings are subject to wear as they move up and down the cylinder bore. To minimize this, they are made of wear-resistant materials, such as cast iron and steel, and coated or treated to enhance the wear resistance. Two-stroke port design is critical to ring life. Newer modern motorcycle manufacturers have many single function but serrated ports to retain the ring. Typically, top ring and oil control rings will be coated with Chromium, or Nitrided-possibly plasma sprayed or have a PVD (physical vapour deposit) ceramic coating. For enhanced scuff resistance and further improved wear, most modern diesel engines have top rings coated with a modified chromium coating known as CKS, a patent coating from Goetze. The lower oil control ring is designed to leave a lubricating oil film, a few micrometres thick on the bore, as the piston descends. Three piece oil rings, i.e. with two rails and one spacer, are used for four-stroke gasoline engines.
Fitting new piston rings
When fitting new piston rings, the end gap is a crucial measurement. In order that a ring may be fitted into the “grooves” of the piston, it is not continuous but is broken at one point on its circumference. The ring gap may be checked by putting the ring into the bore/liner (squared to bore) and measuring with a feeler gauge. End gap should be within recommended limits for size of bore and intended “load” of engine. Metals expand with a rise in temperature, so too small a gap may result in overlapping or bending when used under hot running conditions (racing, heavy loads, towing), and even at normal temperatures, a small ring gap may lead to ring gap closure, ring breakage, bore damage and possible seizure of the piston. Too large a gap may give unacceptable compression and levels of blow-by gasses or oil consumption. When being measured in a used bore it may indicate excessive bore wear or ring wear.(Radial wear on ring face reduces thickness of used/worn ring (face wear in bore) essentially decreasing face circumference of ring and thereby increasing size of ring end gap.)
When fitting new rings to a used engine, special “ridge dodger” rings are sometimes used for the top compression ring, to improve compression and oil consumption without reboring the cylinder. These have a small step of iron removed from the top section to avoid making contact with any wear ridge at the top of the cylinder, which could break a conventional ring. Generally, these are not recommended as they are probably not required and may give inferior oil consumption. A more acceptable method is to remove the wear ridge with a “ridge reamer” tool before lightly honing the bore to accept new rings.
External links
http://www.howautowork.com/list_of_contents/part_1/ch_1/Piston_rings_27.html piston rings summary video
http://www.riken.co.jp/e/piston/index.html – Piston Ring Museum
http://www.21cgt.com/FMWebCatalog/default.htm- Federal Mogul, manufacturer
Categories: Seals (mechanical) | Engine technology | Auto parts
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(Redirected from Big Comfy Couch)
The Big Comfy Couch
Format
Children’s television series/Educational
Created by
Cheryl Wagner
Starring
Alyson Court(19932003)Ramona Darling(2006resent)Bob StuttWill BurkeGrindl KuchirkaEdward KnucklesRobert MillsTaborah Johnson
Country of origin
Canada
No. of seasons
7
No. of episodes
100
Production
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
25 minutes
Broadcast
Original channel
YTVTreehouse TVAmerican Public Television
Original run
March 2, 1993 (Canada); 1994 (United States) 2006
External links
Official website
The Big Comfy Couch is a Canadian children’s television series about Loonette the Clown and her friends, produced by Cheryl Wagner and Robert Mills and directed by Wayne Moss and Mills. It premiered on March 2, 1993 in Canada and in 1994 in the USA on public television stations across the country.
The shows format revolves around Loonette the Clown, who lives with her doll, Molly, on the eponymous Big Comfy Couch. Episodes are generally focused on a theme or a lesson. For example, Season 3′s episode “Full of Life” explored the concepts of “full” and “empty”, while “Sticks and Stones” dealt with name-calling and teasing.
Each episode contains several common elements. Early in each episode, Loonette performs an exercise routine she calls the “Clock Rug Stretch”, often extended, sometimes short to save time for other surprises, fast if she’s in a hurry and normal when she comes back, or in a floppy way, and toward the end, she performs a high-speed clean-up routine called the “Ten-Second Tidy”. If, however, there is no mess made, then it is called the “Ten-Second Untidy, Tidy” (where Loonette has to make a mess and then clean up afterwards). If the mess was already cleaned up, then it is called the “Ten-Second Silly” (where Loonette has to be silly for 10 seconds). If Loonette did not make a mess but Molly did, then Molly has to do the “Ten-Second Tidy” with Loonette’s help. Other oft-repeated elements include reading a story to Molly, who sometimes either chooses a story to hear, gives Loonette a book and glasses (often by holding the book and wearing reading glasses), or turning on the lights for Loonette, visits to various places in “Clowntown”, and a trip to Granny Garbanzo’s garden. Here she encounters Snicklefritz, Granny Garbanzo’s cat; Major Bedhead, the local mail-delivery clown, who travels on a unicycle; and of course, Granny Garbanzo herself. The conversation with Granny Garbanzo is often used as the episode’s “teachable moment”, where Granny offers Loonette advice or lessons, often with the help of Major Bedhead, who delivers gifts and messages from Auntie Macassar or Uncle Chester. All episodes end with Loonette and Molly having a nap and sometimes reminding the viewers to remember the rules on today’s episode. In season 7, Loonette and Molly play the dream game and Molly gave out the letter that the dream starts with and provide what they will be dreaming about.
Along with the lessons and problem-solving sequences, imaginative play is also emphasized. These episodes often take place in the context of a “visit to Clowntown”, with sites such as Granny Garbanzo’s “Cabbage Club Cooking School” and Major Bedhead’s “Clown Chi Mojo Dojo and Dancing School”. Additionally, Loonette is gifted in the art of classical dance and runs “Miss Loonette’s Dance Academy”. In early episodes, Loonette was too young to visit Clowntown alone, but in later seasons, she makes frequent (adult supervised) trips to Clowntown, and volunteers at the “Clowndergarten”, where she teaches “little clowns” (played by young children) games, songs, and stories. This imaginative play was also demonstrated through dress-up games and through Loonette’s dollhouse, in which she imagined the adventures of “The Foley Family”. Shown first as a doll-sized family, in Loonette’s imagination they would become a family of regular-sized clowns, whose actions were shown in high speed and with a musical background in the style of old silent movies. The Foleys (a mother, father and son) did not speak. An alternative version of “The Foley Family” segment is the dust bunnies who lived under the big comfy couch, of which Loonette and Molly are sitting on, and play together on other kinds of play things such as working together, seeing new things, and playing games. In “Full of Life”, they discovered that the couch is missing and decided to play in a paper bag instead.
The show was originally produced by Radical Sheep Productions and Owl Communications, then Canadian children’s television network YTV, with a run of 65 episodes. In 2003, 13 new episodes were produced with Benny Smart, an American children’s television production company, Tadpole TV and Treehouse TV, a companion channel of YTV, and the Nashville Public Television.
Radical Sheep Productions and Amity Entertainment in association with Treehouse TV and Nashville Public Television, produced 22 additional episodes, which debuted on American Public Television in 2006. This marked the debut of Ramona Gilmour-Darling as Loonette, replacing Alyson Court.
Additional items for kids, like coloring pages, can be found on the Big Comfy Couch website Official Big Comfy Couch Website. Episodes also can be seen on video on demand in some cable and satellite systems on Studio 4 Kids, as well as in short-form on Studio4kids.tv.
Episodes
Season 1 – 1993
101 – Pie in the Sky
102 – Pinch To Grow an Inch
103 – All Aboard for Bed
104 – Knit One Twirl Too
105 – Upsey Downsey Day
106 – Flippy Floppy Fun
107 – Something’s Fishy Around Here
108 – Scrub-a-Dub
109 – Red Light, Green Light
110 – Gesundheit
111 – Ping Pong Polka
112 – Funny Faces
113 – Snug as a Bug
Season 2 – 1994
201 – Babs in Toyland
202 – 1-2-3 Dizzy Dizzy Me
203 – Wobbly
204 – Jump Start
205 – This Little Piggy
206 – Juggling the Jitters
207 – Hoopla
208 – Wrong Side of the Couch
209 – I Feel Good
210 – Boomerang
211 – Rude-I-Culous
212 – Make It Snappy
213 – Feast of Fools
Season 3 – 1995
301 – Give Yer Head a Shake
302 – It About Time
303 – Clownus Interruptus
304 – Why?
305 – Monkey See Monkey Do
306 – Sticks and Stones
307 – Horsing Around
308 – All Over and Under
309 – Pants on Fire
310 – All Fall Down
311 – Traveling Papers
312 – Hiccups
313 – Full of Life
Season 4 – 1996
401 – Backwards!
402 – Picky Eaters
403 – Forty Winks
404 – Swing-a-Ling
405 – Spare Some Change
406 – Stuck in the Muck
407 – Gimme Gimme Never Gets
408 – One Step at a Time
409 – Enough Already!
410 – Where Do Clowns Come From?
411 – Are You Ready for School?
412 – Hit Parade
413 – Comfy and Joy
Season 5 – 2000
501 – Bad Hair Day
502 – Clownvitations
503 – Nothing To Do
504 – The Big Brain Drain
505 – One Potato Two Potato
506 – Earth to Loonette
507 – Lettuce, Turnip and Pea
508 – Time for Molly
509 – Gizmo Shmizmo
510 – Clothes Make the Clown
511 – Don’t Tell
512 – You’re a Gem!
513 – See Ya in My Dreams
Season 6 – 2003
601 – Clowning in the Rain
602 – Lost and Clowned
603 – Button Up!
604 – Scaredy Cat!
605 – It the Thought that Counts
606 – Growing Pains
607 – Donut Let It Get You Down
608 – Fancy Dancer
609 – The Big Bang Boom
610 – Ain’t It Amazing, Gracie?
611 – Between the Covers
612 – Going Up
…
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1950s vintage slip
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Vintage clothing is a generic term for new or second hand garments originating from a previous era. The phrase is also used in connection with a retail outlet, e.g. “vintage clothing store.” It can also be used as an adjective: “This dress is vintage.”
The word vintage is copied from its use in wine terminology, as a more elegant-seeming euphemism for “old” clothes.
Contents
1 Definition
2 Purpose
3 Acquisition
4 References
4.1 External links
//
Definition
Generally speaking, clothing which was produced before the 1920s is referred to as antique clothing and clothing from the 1920s to 1980 is considered vintage. Retro, short for retrospective, usually refers to clothing that imitates the style of a previous era. Clothing produced more recently is usually called modern or contemporary fashion. Opinions vary on these definitions.
Most vintage clothing has been previously worn, but a small percentage of pieces have not. These are often old warehouse, or shop stock. These items are usually referred to by dealers as “dead stock”, “old stock” or “new-old stock” and can be more sought after and more valuable than those that have been worn, especially if they have their original tags.
Purpose
Although there has always been some demand for old and/or second hand clothing, the awareness, demand and acceptance of this has increased dramatically since the early 1990s.
This increase in interest is due in part to increased visibility, as vintage clothing was increasingly worn by celebrities, e.g. Julia Roberts, Chloe Sevigny, Kate Moss, and Dita von Teese.
There has also been an increasing interest in environmental sustainability in terms of reusing, recycling and repairing rather than throwing things away. A resurgence of historically based sub-cultural groups like rockabilly and swing dancing has also played a part in the increase in interest in vintage clothes.
Other reasons that some people are attracted to vintage clothing include:
Unique or almost unique: most items were custom made, and others were manufactured in small quantities only.
Good quality: they were designed to be worn for years and passed on to other family members, so they were made of robust materials, well cut and well made, with generous seam allowances and hems which allow for alterations and custom fit.
Fine materials: many of the unusual older fabric types are no longer manufactured, or are now prohibitively expensive.
Value for money: garments generally sell for a cost far below similar new modern garments.
History: an appreciation of the past, the roles of previous generations and the skills of respected designers.
Detailing: hand finishing, unusual buttons, hand embroidery, handmade lace, crochet, applique, beading and other techniques.
Style: vintage clothing has traditionally been the favourite of creative personalities because it offers an enormously wide range of imaginative styles.
Investment: some people buy to collect rather than to wear, and increasingly, good quality vintage garments especially items by well-known designers are sought after by collectors.
At times, the cycle of fashion design turns to history for inspiration, and garments closely resembling original vintage (retro or antique) clothing are manufactured. An example of this is the simple slip dresses that emerged in the early 1990s and were based on undergarments of the 1930s. These styles are generally referred to as “vintage inspired” or “vintage reproductions” depending on the faithfulness to the historical design, and serve as a convenient alternative to those who admire an old style but prefer a modern interpretation – another advantage is that, unlike the original garments, they are usually available in a range of sizes and perhaps, colours and/or fabrics.
Acquisition
Popular places to buy vintage clothing include charity-run second hand clothing shops, garage sales, car boot sales, flea markets, antique markets, estate sales, auctions, vintage clothing shops and vintage fashion, textile or collectables fairs. Vintage clothing can sometimes be obtained from older friends and relatives, because some people store their old clothing for long periods of time.
The advent of the internet has been a boom to the vintage clothing fancier, as it has been for all collectors. It has increased the availability of specific and hard-to-get items and opened up prospective markets for sellers around the world. Popular places to acquire garments include online auctions (e.g. eBay), online vintage clothing shops and specialist forums. A vintage-lover may also turn to a custom dressmaker, who will use sewing patterns and/or fabrics from a bygone era to recreate a historically accurate look.
Vintage garments designed by…(and so on)
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The nitrophosphate process (also known as the Odda process) was a method for the industrial production of nitrogen fertilizers invented by Erling Johnson in the city of Odda, Norway around 1927.
The process involves acidifying phosphate rock with nitric acid to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate.
Ca3(PO4)2 + 6 HNO3 + 12 H2O ? 2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(NO3)2 + 12 H2O
The mixture is cooled to below 0 degrees Celsius, where the calcium nitrate crystallizes and can be separated from the phosphoric acid.
2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(NO3)2 + 12 H2O ? 2 H3PO4 + 3 Ca(NO3)2.4H2O
The resulting calcium nitrate produces nitrogen fertilizer. The filtrate is composed mainly of phosphoric acid with some nitric acid and traces of calcium nitrate, and this is neutralized with ammonia to produce a compound fertilizer.
Ca(NO3)2 + 4 H3PO4 + 8 NH3 ? CaHPO4 + 2 NH4NO3 + 3(NH4)2HPO4
If potassium chloride or potassium sulfate is added, the result will be NPK fertilizer. The process was an innovation for requiring neither the expensive sulfuric acid nor producing gypsum waste.
The calcium nitrate mentioned before, can as said be worked up as calcium nitrate fertilizer but often it is converted into ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate using carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Ca(NO3)2 + 2 NH3 + CO2 + H2O ? 2 NH4NO3 + CaCO3
Both products can be worked up together as straight nitrogen fertilizer.
Although Johnson created the process while working for the Odda Smelteverk, his company never employed it. Instead, it licensed the process to Norsk Hydro, BASF, Hoechst, and DSM. Each of these companies used the process, introduced variations, and licensed it to other companies. Today, only Yara (Norsk Hydro), BASF, AgroLinz, and GNFC still use the Odda process. Due to the alterations of the process by the various companies who employed it, the process is now generally referred to as the nitrophosphate process.
References
J. Steen; H. Aasum; T. Heggeboe (1986). “15. The Norks Hydro Nitrophosphate Process”. in Nielsson, F.T.. Manual of fertilizer processing. CRC Press. pp.393420. ISBN 0-8247-7522-8.
Categories: Chemical processes | Industrial processes(and so on)
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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (April 2007)
Solar power is a viable means of generating energy in South Asia. South Asia has the ideal combination of both high solar insolation and a high density of potential customers.
Cheap solar can bring electricity to a major chunk of subcontinent’s people who still live off-grid, bypassing the need of installation of expensive grid lines. Also since the costs of energy consumed for temperature control squarely influences a regions energy intensity, and with cooling load requirements roughly in phase with the sun’s intensity, cooling from intense solar radiation could make perfect energy-economic sense in the subcontinent.
However, a thriving market for solar technology may only develop when it becomes competitively cheaper.
Contents
1 By country
1.1 Bangladesh
1.2 Pakistan
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
//
By country
Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, a number of domestic solar energy systems are in use in houses around the country. The use of solar energy on this scale is advantageous as 75% of homes in the country do not have access to mains electricity. The World Bank is backing a programme of making solar energy available to the public in Bangladesh, as part of the Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development Project (REREDP), which subsidizes solar energy systems.
A typical ‘solar home system’ can power four to six ‘low energy’ lights, plus a socket for TV, radio or battery recharging, and a mobile telephone charging unit, too. Each system consists of a solar photovoltaic panel, mounted on the house roof. Depending on its size, this provides between 40W and 75W of electricity in full sunlight (the most common being 50W).
Rahimafrooz is a major supplier of batteries and other solar components for the programme. It has also installed centralised systems, water pumps, street lights, and solar-powered telecom solutions to various organisations, totalling about 448KWp.
Pakistan
The average amount of daily sunlight in Pakistan is nine and half hours[citation needed], there are few cloudy days even in the wettest regions. Eight power generation plants have been installed and eleven are in various stages of completion. Further feasibility studies are undergoing. In December 1981 the first solar photovoltaic system was commissioned, located in Mumniala (a village 60 km from Islamabad). Four solar systems has been commissioned in Khukhera (Lasbela district), Ghakar (Attock district), Malmari (Thatta district) and Dittal Khan Leghari (Tharparkar district).
See also
Energy portal
Solar power in India
Indian Solar Loan Programme
Energy security
Renewable energy in developing countries
References
^ Energy-Atlas Solar radiation
^ NASA population density map
^ Solar LEDs Brighten Rural India’s Future
^ Solar plan for Indian computers
^ Solar Cooling German report
^ Paper presented at the International Conference on Solar Air Conditioning, Germany
^ Solar Cooling – Case Studies
External links
South Korea to Invest $193 Million to Develop Clean Energy
v?d?eRenewable energy by country (list of topics)
Wind
byregion
Asia Europe (EU)
bycountry
Australia Austria Brazil Canada China Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece India Iran Ireland Italy Morocco New Zealand Pakistan Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States
Solar
byregion
South Asia Europe (EU)
bycountry
Australia Canada China Germany India Israel Japan Portugal Romania Spain United Kingdom United States
Geothermal
bycountry
Australia China Iceland New Zealand Portugal Romania Turkey United Kingdom United States
Wave
bycountry
Australia Portugal Scotland
Portals: Energy Sustainable development
Categories: Solar power by country
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